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ENGLISH
FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Learning
English effectively
 |
Source:
PR Bahasa Inggris untuk SMA/MA/SMK/MAK Kelas X, Intan Pariwara (2016)
Compiled by : Putri Sayekti |
Table of contents
Cover
Page i
Table
of Contents 1
CHAPTER
I
Task 1 3
Task 2 4
Task 3 4
Supporting Features 4
Simple Past vs Present Perfect Tense 4
CHAPTER
II
Task 1 6
Supporting Features 7
Task 2 8
Supporting Features 8
Recount Text 7
Past Verbs 7
Was/were adjective 8
CHAPTER
III
Task 1 10
Supporting Features 11
Historical Recount Text 11
Simple Present Tense vs Simple Past Tense 11
CHAPTER
IV
Task 1 12
Supporting Features 13
Biographical Recount 13
Simple Past Tense 13
CHAPTER
V
Task 1 15
Supporting Features 15
Reducing Adverbial Clauses into Adverbial
Phrases 15
CHAPTER
VI
Supporting Features 17
Task 1 17
Supporting Features 17
Action and Thinking Verbs 17
Narrative Text 18
Direct and Indirect Speeches 19
CHAPTER
VII
Task 1 21
Supporting Features 22
Adverbs of Time in Simple Past Tense 22
Past Perfect Tense 23
ASSESSMENT
 |
Task 1
Practice
the following dialog with your friends. Interview with the Wright Brothers
In
1905, there was a TV talkshow regarding great inventors. Below is a script of
an interview with the Wright Brothers.
Host : Hello and welcome to our talkshow, Great
Inventors! Today, our very special guests are Orville and Wilbur Wright. We
will be asking them about their revolutionary inventions. What do you call your
invention?
Orville : We invented an airplane.
Host : An airplane? What for?
Wilbur : To help people fly!
Host : Oohh, is it like a flying car? Where did
you find the inspiration?
Orville : Our dad gave us a toy helicopter that flew
with the aid of rubber bands. We’ve been interested in the idea since then.
Wilbur : Orville has always liked to build kites, so
we have experimented with making our own helicopters for a while now.
Host : That was only a toy, what about the actual
plane?
Wilbur : Orville made the maiden flight with our first
plane at Kitty Hawk on December 14, 1903.
Host : Why Kitty Hawk?
Orville : Kitty Hawk had a hill, good breeze and was
sandy. These conditions would help soften the landings in case of a crash. The
first flight lasted 12 seconds and flew for 120 feet.
Wilbur : We have worked and experimented with gliders
to perfect the wing design and controls since then.
Host : I see. So you have the latest 12 version
of your airplane?
Wilbur : Yes. Recently, I took our newly designed
airplane, Flyer II, for its maiden flight lasting over 5 minutes.
Host : How amazing! I think this invention will
grow big soon.
Wilbur : Our father has asked us not to fly together.
He said it’s for safety reasons.
Orville : Yes, we will continue experimenting so that
airplanes will be available to everyone soon.
Host : Ok, we wish you good luck with your next
experiments.
Task 2
Find
the meanings of the following words
1.
Regard :
2.
Inventor :
3.
Revolutionary :
4.
Airplane :
5.
Fly :
6.
Aid :
7.
Rubber :
8.
Breeze :
9.
Sandy :
10. Crash :
11. Glider :
12. Recently :
13. Available :
Task 3
Read
the following dialog. See the sentences in bold
Ryan : We have an assignment to interview an
entrepreneur or prominent person around us. Have you done the interview?
Shanty : No, I haven’t, but I have made an
appointment with Mr. Arkan. I will interview him next Saturday. He is on
business in Medan now.
Ryan : Will you interview him in his office or
house?
Shanty : In his office. He is not willing to speak
about business at home. Anyway, what about you? Have you done an interview?
Ryan : Yes. I interviewed Mr. Hilmy
yesterday.
Shanty : Do you mean Mr. Hilmy, the owner of Elm
Restaurant?
Ryan : Yup! You know, he is a successful
restaurant owner and has opened branches in different towns. He told me how he
arranges his business, step by step. What a tough person!
Shanty : You’re right. Hard efforts lead to success.
Supporting Feature
Grammar
Simple Past vs Present Perfect Tense
Pay
attention to the following sentences.
1.
Have
you done the interview?
2.
No, I haven’t, but I have made an
appointment with Mr. Arkan
3.
I interviewed Mr. Hilmy yesterday.
The first and second sentences above show
the activities in the past without specific time. They use present perfect
tense. Meanwhile, the third sentence shows an activity in the past in a
specific time. It uses simple past tense.
Use the following questions to decide
whether a sentence should use simple past or present perfect tense.
1.
Has the time period finished?
|
Rule
|
Example
|
Explanation
|
|
The
present perfect is used when the time period has NOT finished
|
I
have watched three movies this week
|
(this
week has not finished yet)
|
|
The
simple past is used when the time period HAS finished
|
I
watched three movies last week
|
(Last
week has finished)
|
2.
Is it new or old information?
|
Rule
|
Example
|
Explanation
|
|
The
present perfect is often used when giving recent news
|
Martin
has crashed his car again
|
(This
is new information)
|
|
The
simple past is used when giving older information
|
Martin
crashed his car last year
|
(This
is old information)
|
3.
Is it a specific time?
|
Rule
|
Example
|
Explanation
|
|
The
present perfect is used when the time is not specific
|
I
have watched that movie already
|
(We
don’t know when)
|
|
The
simple past is used when the time is clear
|
I
watched that movie on Thursday
|
(We
know exactly when)
|
4.
Has the action finished (sentences
with “for” or “since”)?
|
Rule
|
Example
|
Explanation
|
|
The
present perfect is used with for and since when the action
have not finished yet
|
I
have lived in Victoria for five years
|
(I
still live in Victoria)
|
|
The
simple past is used with for when the actions have already
finished
|
I
lived in Victoria for five years
|
(I
don’t live in Victoria now)
|
Task 1
Read
the text aloud.
Last Sunday morning I attended a fantastic
business discussion in a town hall. In fact, it was a kind of seminar and the
keynote speaker was one of the successful, young Indonesian entrepreneurs, Reza
Nurhilman. Almost one hundred people attended the discussion. No one left their
seats although the seminar had ended. They still wanted to chat and talk with
Reza Nurhilman.
Do you know who Reza Nurhilman is? Let me
tell you about him briefly. He is a young entrepreneur whose success includes
selling spicy cassava crackers and the founder of PT. Maicih Inti Sinergi. You
will easily find articles about him on the internet.
Let’s return to the seminar which I
attended. Reza Nurhilman entered the hall fifteen minutes before the event
started. We applauded him. He wave and smiled to us. He is handsome, friendly
and charismatic.
At 9 a.m. sharp, the discussion started.
First, he asked the audience who had ideas to start a business. Many people
raised their hands. Second, he asked if they had actualized their ideas. Only
few people raised their hands. Finally, he apprised the people who had started
their businesses and wished them luck. Meanwhile, he motivated the ones who had
not yet actualized their ideas to do it immediately, before other people took the
chances. I agreed with his opinion!
Reza Nurhilman is an energetic young man.
During the seminar he delivered his speech vigorously. He showed the audience
about how to see a business opportunity, then value and execute it. He also
explained many tips the audience could apply to make their business successful.
He motivated the audience that by running our own business, we provided job
vacancies for many people.
After delivering excellent explanation of
the success of a business, the audience had opportunities to deliver their
questions. I participated in this question and answer session. I asked him how
to cope with fear of failure. Still with his cool style, he replied my question
by making a parable which sensitized the audience to be brave and achieve
success. You know what! He answered all the questions clearly and aptly. He
also opened the opportunity for those who wished to consult their businesses
through social media. The discussion ended with a quote “Let’s achieve our
dreams to become a successful business person and be beneficial to many
people.”
I was very lucky to meet Reza Nurhilman. I
decided to follow his step to become a successful entrepreneur and be
beneficial to many people.
Supporting
Feature
Text
Recount Text
The
text in task 1 is a recount text. It tells the readers about the
writer’s experience when he/she participated in a discussion.
Recount
text use past tense and have certain elements:
§ Orientation : introducing what happened, where the
events took place and who was involved in the events.
§ Events : describing a series of events
§ Re-orientation : giving the closure of events, or conclusion
Now,
pay attention to the structure of the text.
Orientation >>>
see paragraph 1 and 2
Events >>>
see paragraph 3 and 6
Re-orientation >>> see the last paragraph
Grammar
Past Verbs
Read
the sentences and see the words in bold
1.
He was able to send his children to
college, including my mother
2.
Suddenly grandfather told us about
Gib Morgan
3.
Everyone looked at me and asked
me to be calm
4.
Meaning, he prospected for himself,
built his own derrick and did his own drilling
5.
Grandfather continued and said
that when Gib found oil, he quickly got to work bringing in the
well.
The
words in bold are past verbs, used in simple past tense. We use them to
talk about completed actions in times before now. The adverbs of
time indicating the simple past tense are yesterday, just now, last … (last
night, ;ast week), … ago (two days ago, a long time ago), in 2015, etc.
The
patterns are:
|
Affirmative
|
S
+ was/were + complement
S
+ verb-d/-ed (regular) or verb in past form (irregular)
|
|
Negative
|
S
+ was/were not + complement
S
+ did not + verb base + …
|
|
Interrogative
|
Was/were
+ s + complement +?
Did
+ s + verb base + … +?
|
There
are two types of PAST VERBS: regular and irregular. Regular past verbs are
verbs which are ended with -d/-ed, such as looked, asked, prospected and
continued. Meanwhile, irregular past verbs are verbs which have
irregular forms, such as told, built, did, found and got.
Task 2
Read
the following text and pay attention to the words in bold.
One afternoon, Iko returned home from
school by bicycle. He paddled his bicycle for about three kilometers from
school. The sun shone very brightly and it was very hot. Iko was so
tired and thirsty that he decided to enter a food stall. The food stall was
not large, but clean and tidy. The food was appetizing. The seller was
friendly and welcomed him warmly. She was not busy when Iko entered.
The stall was not crowded at the time, so he had a chance to chit chat
with the seller. The seller said that Iko was like a famous actor. That actor was
handsome. Hearing this, Iko just smiled while enjoying his meal and drink.
Supporting Feature
Grammar
Was/were + Adjective
The
words in bold in the text in task 2 show that the sentences use simple past
tense. The sentences use was/were + adjective to set up a story. See the
following examples.
1.
Was + adjective
|
Subject
|
Was
|
Adjective
|
|
I
My
father
Erlin
The
experience
|
Was
Was
Was
Was
|
Happy
Energetic
Hungry
Memorable
|
2.
Were + adjective
|
Subject
|
Were
|
Adjective
|
|
Emily
and I
The
students
Many
stores
The
sellers
|
Were
Were
Were
Were
|
Creative
Diligent
Crowded
Busy
|
Notes:
1)
For the negative form, we just add “not”
after “was/were”.
Examples:
1.
Mr. Andra, the richest man in this town, was
not arrogant
2.
Erlin and Anneke were not sleepy
although they went to bed late last night
2)
For the interrogative form, we place “was”
and “were” at the beginning of sentences
Examples:
3.
Was Mr. Andra, the
richest man in this town, arrogant?
4.
Were
Erlin and Anneke sleepy?
Task 1
Read
the following text aloud. Pay attention to the text structure.
On November 10, Indonesia celebrates Hari
Pahlawan or Heroes Day in remembrance of the battle of Surabaya which started
in that date in 1945. The bloody battle took place because Indonesians refused
to surrender their weaponry to the British army, part of the Allied Forces. The
defiant Bung Tomo is the well-known revolutionary leader who played a very
important role in this battle.
It all started because of a
misunderstanding between British troops in Jakarta and those in Surabaya, under
the command of Brigadier A.W.W.S. Mallaby. Brigadier Mallaby already had an
agreement with the governor of East Java, Mr. Surya. The agreement stated that
British would not ask Indonesian troops and militia to surrender their weapons.
However, a British plane from Jakarta dropped
leaflets all over Surabaya. The leaflet told Indonesians to do otherwise on
October 27, 1945. This action agreed the Indonesian troops and militia leaders
because they left betrayed.
On October 30, 1945, Brigadier Mallaby was
killed as he was approaching the British troops post near Jembatan Merah or Red
Bridge, Surabaya. There were many reports about the death, but it was widely
believed that the Brigadier was murdered by Indonesian militia. Looking at this
situation, Lieutenant General Sir Philip Christison brought in reinforcements
to siege the city.
In the early morning of November 10, 1945,
British troops began to advance into Surabaya with cover from both naval and
air bombardment. Although the Indonesians defended the city heroically, the city
was conquered within 3 days and the whole battle lasted for 3 weeks. In total,
between 6,000 and 16,000 Indonesians died while casualties on the British side
were about 600 to 2,000.
Battle of Surabaya caused Indonesia to
lose weaponry which hampered the country’s independence struggle. However, the
battle provoked Indonesia and an international mass to rally for the country’s
independence which made this battle especially important for Indonesian
national revolution.
Supporting Feature
Text
Historical Recount Text
Recounts record a series of events in the
order in which they occurred. There are several types of recounts, for example,
diaries, letters/postcards, journals, autobiographies and biographies, or
anything related to history (historical recounts). In this chapter, you are
studying historical recounts.
The text in task 1 belongs to a historical
recount. Do you know how a historical recount is told or written? Similar to
other types of recounts usually start with orientation, followed by a series of
events, and ends with a reorientation. The orientation part includes
information about who, what, when and where. The series of events are
presented in the order they happened. The recount ends with a reorientation
which states personal comments about the events.
Furthermore, historical recounts use past
tenses to describe past events. They also use many adverbs of time to describe
the events chronologically.
Grammar
Simple Present Tense vs Simple Past
Tense
What
are the differences between simple present tense and simple past tense? Read
and understand the following explanation
|
|
Simple Present Tense
|
Simple Past Tense
|
|
Patterns
|
S
+ is/am/are + complement
S
+ verb (-s/-es) + object
|
S
+ was/were + complement
S
+ verb past + object
|
|
Function
|
To
describe/state habitual actions and facts
|
To
describe actions that happened or things that existed in past
|
|
Adverbs
of Time
|
Always,
usually, seldom, often, every day
|
Yesterday,
this morning, last night, last week, a week ago
|
Task 1
Read
the following text. Study the structure of the text.
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie known as B.J.
Habibie was born on June 25, 1936. He was the Third President of the Republic
of Indonesia (1998 – 1999). Habibie was born in Parepare, South Sulawesi
Province to Alwi Abdul Jalil Gorontalo of Bugis descent and his mother was a
Javenese noblewoman from Yogyakarta. His parents met while studying in Bogor. When
he was 14 years old, Habibie’s father died.
Following hi father’s death, Habibie
continued his studies in Jakarta and then in 1955 moved to Germany. In 1960,
Habibie received a degree in engineering Germany, giving him the title
Diplom-Ingenieur. He remained in Germany as a research assistant under Hans
Ebner at Lehrstuhl und Institut for Leichtbau, RWTH Aachen to conduct research
for his doctoral degree.
In 1962, Habibie retunred to Indonesia for
three months on ssick leave. During this time, he was reacquainted with Hasri
Ainun, the daughter of Germany shortly afterwards. Habibie and his wife settled
in Aachen for a short period before moving to Oberforstbach. In May 1963 they
had their first son, Ilham Akbar Habibie, and later another son, Thareq Kemal
Habibie.
When Habibie’s minimum wage salary forced
him into pat-time work, he found employment with the Automotive Marque Talbot,
where he became an advisor. Habibie worked on two projects which received
funding from Deutsche Bundesbahn. Due to his work with Makosh, the head of
train constructions offered his position to HAbibie upon his retirement three
years later, but Habibie refused.
Habibie did accept a position with
Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm in Hamburg. There, he developed theories on
thermodynamics, construction and aerodynamics known as the Habibie Factor,
Habibie Theorem and Habibie Method, respectively. He worked for Messerschmit on
the development of the Airbus A-300B aiecaft. In 1974, he was promoted to vice
president of the company.
In 1974, Suharto requested HAbibie to
return to Indonesia as part of Suharto’s drive to develop the country. Habibie
initially served as a special assistant to Ibnu Sutowo, the CEO of the state
oil company Pertamina. Two years later, in 1976, Habibie was made Chief Executive
Officer of the new state-owned enterprise Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara
(IPTN). In 1978, he was appointed as Minister of Research and Technology.
Habibie wa elected Vice President in March 1998. On May 21, 1998, Suharto
publicly announced his resignation and Habibie was immediately sworn in as
president. Habibie’s government stabilized the economy in the face of the Asian
financial crisis and the chaos of the last few months of Suharto’s presidency.
Since relinquishing the presidency,
Habibie has spent more time in Germany than in Indonesia. However, he has also
been active as a presidential advisor during Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s
presidency, in September 2006, he released a book called Detik-Detik yang
Menentukan Jalan Panjang Indonesia MEnuju Demokrasi (Decisive Moments: Indonesia’s
Long Road TOwaards Democracy). The book recalled the events of May 1998.
Supporting Feature
Text
Biographical Recount
The
text in task 1 is a biographical recount text. It tells us about a person’s
life. The tenses used in the text are simple present tense when it relates past
events.
The
structure of a biographical recount text consist of:
§ Orientation/opening : introducing the background of a person
such as name, date and place of birth, origin and parents
§ Series
of events : relating a person’s life or
experience chronologically, including education and career
§ Reorientation/closing : giving the closure of the events
Grammar
Simple Past Tense
Read
the sentences and pay attention to the words in bold
1.
B.J. Habibie was the Third
President of the Republic of Indonesia (1998 – 1999)
2.
Habibie continued his studies in
Jakarta
3.
They had their first son, Ilham
Akbar HAbibie, in May 1963
The
above sentences use simple past tense. They show that the events happened in
past time. Simple past tense uses an auxiliary (was/were) or verb
past (V2).
-
If we use an auxiliary, we put ‘not’
after ‘was/were’ in negative sentences and place ‘was/were’ at
the beginning of interrogative sentences.
-
If we use verbs past (V2), we need
auxiliary ‘did’ in negative and interrogative sentences, followed
by verbs base.
Please
study the following sentences and pay attention to the words in bold.
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Interrogative (question)
|
|
B.J
Habibie was the Third President of the Republic of Indonesia (1998 –
1999)
|
B.J
Habibie was not the Third President of the Republic of Indonesia (1998
– 1999)
|
Was
B.J Habibie the Third President of the Republic of Indonesia (1998 – 1999)?
|
|
Habibie
continued his studies in Jakarta
|
Habibie
did not continue his studies in Jakarta
|
Did
Habibie continue his studies in Jakarta?
|
|
They
had their first son, Ilham Akbar Habibie, in May 1963
|
They
did not have their first son, Ilham Akbar Habibie, in May 1963
|
Did
they have their first son, Ilham Akbar Habibie, in May 1963?
|
We
use following adverbs of time to show activities that happened in the
past: just now, a few moments ago, this morning, ago, yesterday and last …
(last Sunday, last week, last year, etc.)
Task 1
Read
the following sentences and pay attention to the words in bold.
What
is the form of the phrases in bold?
What
does each phrase in bold express: time, cause-effect or contrast?
What
are the forms of the words following the adverbs?
1.
Following the death of her husband
Teuku Umar, she led guerrilla actions against the Dutch for 25
years.
2.
Hearing this,
Cut Nyak Dien was enraged and swore to destroy the Dutch.
3.
Despite desperately fighting back,
DHien was captured.
4.
The name Nyi Ageng Serang was given to her
after the death of her father due to sickness and she took over his
position.
5.
Despite fighting against the Dutch,
in the beginning of 1833 they gave her an annuity of 100 gulden per month.
Supporting Feature
Grammar
Reducing Adverbial Clauses into
Adverbial Phrases
Pay attention to the words in bold in task
1 above. They are called adverbial phrases resulted from adverbial
clauses which are reduced.
An adverbial clause can be shortened to an
adverbial phrase. This can be particularly helpful when you want to express
your ideas in a more concise manner. Before you reduce an adverbial clause into
an adverbial phrase, make sure that the m\adverbial clause (subordinate clause)
and the main clause have the same subject. Remember: there are many different
kinds of adverbial clauses and it is not possible to reduce all of them.
Generally speaking, the adverbial clauses of time, cause-effect and contrast
can be reduced.
Study the example below
|
|
Adverbial clauses
|
Adverbial phrase
|
|
Time
|
§ As
I had slept for ten hours, I felt marvelous
§ Ken
fed the cats before he went to work this morning
|
·
having slept for ten hours,
I felt marvelous
·
ken fed cats before going to
work this morning
|
|
Cause-effect
|
§ Because
Lia studied hard, she passed the exam.
§ Because
I was late, I didn’t get tickets for the show
|
·
Having studied hard,
Lia passed the exam.
·
Being late,
I didn’t get tickets for the show
|
|
Contrast
|
§ Though
Tina was beautiful, she wasn’t very popular
§ Though
Mrs. Fika was rich, she was not happy
|
·
In spite of being beautiful,
Tina wasn’t very popular
·
Despite being rich,
Mrs. Fika was not happy
|
Note:
in order to reduce adverbial clause of time introduced by one of these
conjunctions, you have to keep the time word, remove the subject and then
change the verb into an –ing form or a noun.
Supporting Feature
Grammar
Action and Thinking Verbs
Read
the following sentences, pay attention to the verbs in bold.
1.
“We will call this child
‘Issumboshi’”, they said.
2.
They raised Issumboshi with much
care, but he never grew bigger
The
verbs in bold are action verbs. Action verbs express what a person,
animal, object or force of nature can do. Action verbs refer to the verbs of doing
and happening. Here are examples of action verbs.
Eat,
put, read, jump, go, climb, write, draw, come, yell, practice, sing.
Read
it and pay attention to the verb in bold
I
wonder if you are very small body can do anything
The
verb in bold is a thinking verb. Thinking verbs tell readers about what
the characters are thinking about the events or what they were thinking at the
time. Here are examples of thinking verbs.
Believe,
decide, forget, imagine, realize, consider, dream, forgive, notice, and
remember.
Task 1
Read
the following text and study its text structure.
A long time ago, a man named Udak lived in
a small house. He lived with his only son. His wife had passed away when the
son was a baby. Udak loved hid don very much. He always gave whatever his son
asked. It made his son became a spoiled boy.
One day, Udak’s son asked for mangoes. He
said, “Father, I really want to eat mangoes,” Udak replied, “It is very
difficult to find mangoes now. It is not the season for mango trees to
harvest.” The son cried, “Do you want other fruits?” asked Udak. Udak’s son
cried loudly and said, “No, Father! I want mangoes!”
Udak was so worried. He knew there was
only one mango tree that could bear fruits in any season and the tree belonged
to the giants in a forest. People were scared of them. The son began to cry.
Udak was very sad to see his son crying. “Don’t cry. I’ll find mangoes for
you,” said Udak.
He then left the house and went to the
jungle. It was a very hard journey, but Udak could handle it. Later he arrived
at the giants’ house. Udak was very happy to see a mango tree with several
mangoes in front of the giants’ house. He knocked on the door to meet the
giants and ask for several mangoes for his son, but no answered. So, he
carefully climbed the tree and picked the fruits. The giant immediately grabbed
Udak. Udak apologized and begged the giants to give him several mangoes for his
son and let him go. Then the father giant asked the mother giant, “What shall
we do?” The mother giant replied, “Give him several mangoes and let him go, but
on one condition. Udak had to return to the giants’ house after giving mangoes
to his son. He had to work for the giants for a month. Udak agreed.
Soon afterwards, Udak arrived home and
told hi son that he had to return to the giants’ house. His son felt guilty and
decided to accompany his father to work at the giants’ house. Udak helped the
father giant took for firewood in the forest and Udak’ son helped the mother
giant prepare food. The giants’ son liked playing with Udak’s son. The giants
treated Udak, and his son well. They even became close. After a month, Udak and
his son returned to their house.
Since then the giants family and Udak
family became friends. They visited each other’s Udak’s son was not spoiled
anymore and promised to be a good son.
Supporting Feature
Text
Narrative Text
The
text in task 1 is a narrative text. It functions to entertain or amuse
readers. Its text structure consists of:
·
Orientation.
It introduces the main characters of the story, place and time where the story
happened
·
Complication.
It shows the problems that occur in the story.
·
Resolution.
This is the end of the story where the problems are solved.
·
Reorientation/coda (optional).
It shows the comment of the writer or it presents the moral value of the story.
Grammar
Direct and Indirect Speeches
Read
the following sentences and pay attention to the verbs in bold.
|
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
He
said, “Father, I really want to eat mangoes.”
Udak
replied, “It is very difficult to find mangoes now. It
is not the season for mango trees to harvest.”
|
He
said to his father that he really wanted to eat mangoes.
Udak
replied that it was very difficult to find mangoes then;
it was not the season for mango trees to harvest.
|
Saying exactly what a person has said is
called direct speech. We write direct speech within quotation marks
(“…”). Meanwhile, a person reports what a person says to another person is
called indirect speech. We do not write indirect speech within quotation
marks.
Sentences
in indirect speech or reported speech happen later, so there are
changes, i.e. the pronouns, tenses and adverbs of time.
Here are the changes you should notice
when changing sentences from direct speech to indirect speech.
1.
When the direct speech is a statement
We
use that and should change the subject, tense and adverb of
time, as follows.
The tenses:
|
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
Simple
present tense
Present
continuous tense
Simple
past tense
Present
perfect tense
Past
continuous tense
Past
perfect tense
Modals:
shall, will, can, may
|
Simple
past tense
Past
continuous tense
Past
perfect tense
Past
perfect tense
Past
perfect continuous tense
Past
perfect tense
Modals:
should, would, could, might
|
The adverbs of time:
|
Direct speech
|
Indirect speech
|
|
Now
Today
Next
… (next Monday, next week, etc)
Yesterday
Last
… (last week, last month, etc)
|
Then
That
day
The
following … (the following Monday, the following week, etc)
The
day before
The
… (week, month, etc)
|
The
change of pronouns: subject I becomes he/she, we
becomes they, you, becomes I and so on.
Example:
Direct
speech : “I’ll find mangoes for
you,” said Udak.
Indirect
speech : Udak said that he would
find mangoes for his son.
2.
When the direct speech is a question
a.
We use if/whether when the direct
question is a yes/no question.
Example:
Direct
question : “Do you want other
fruits?” asked Udak
Indirect
question : Udak asked his son if/whether
he wanted other fruits.
b.
When the direct question begins with a
question word
5.
We should not use an auxiliary
‘do/does/did’; and
6.
We should put the subject after the
question word
Example:
Direct
question : The father giant asked the
mother giant, “What shall we do?”
Indirect
question : The father giant asked the
mother giant what they should do.
3.
When the direct speech is an
imperative
We
begin the indirect speech with to + Vbase
Example:
Direct
speech : The mother giant replied, “Give
him several mangoes and let him go.”
Indirect
speech : The mother giant replied to
give him several mangoes and let him go.
4.
When the direct speech is a
prohibition
We
begin the indirect speech with not to + Vbase
Example:
Direct
speech : “Don’t cry,” said
Udak.
Indirect
speech : Udak said to his son not
to cry.
5.
When the direct speech is a greeting
Example:
7.
Direct speech : Anneke said, “Happy New Year.”
Indirect
speech : Anneke wished me a happy new
year.
8.
Direct speech : Yudi said, “Thank you.”
Indirect
speech : Yudi thanked me.
9.
Direct speech : Tigor said, “Welcome.”
Indirect
speech : Tigor welcomed me.
Task 1
Read
the following story
The Legend of Lotus
(Folklore from West Java)
Once upon a time, there was a kingdom
named Umbul Wening. The king was Prabu Ranubahu and he had a very beautiful
daughter named Dewi Arum. Dewi Arum had a strange habit. She liked to swim in a
pond. She could spend hours swimming and forgot everything. The king often got
angry when Dewi Arum swam in the pond and neglected her duties as a princess.
Meanwhile, people lived happily. Their
happy lives were disturbed when they suffered a terrible illness. It made the
king sad. He already asked the palace healer to cure them. Unfortunately, the
palace healer was also unable to heal the illness.
The king then prayed to god. Days and
nights he asked god to heal the illness. When the king was sleeping, he had a
dream. An old man told the king that the illness could be healed with flowers
in a pond in a forest and the person who had to pick the flowers was Dewi Arum.
When the king woke up, he immediately
called the princess. He told her about his dream and asked her to pick the
flowers. Actually the king was not sure his daughter could go there. It was
very far from the palace. The king then asked the ladies-in-waiting and his
troops to accompany the princess.
After going through a very difficult
journey, the princess finally arrived in the forest. Nobody had ever been to
this forest before. Wild animals were everywhere. They were really scared. They
all hoped to find the pond soon and picked the flowers.
Finally, they found the pond. It was very
beautiful and the water was very clear. For a moment, they all forgot about
their mission. They were amazed by the beauty of the pond. The princess was the
happiest person. She had never seen a beautiful pond like that before. She swam
and swam for hours. The ladies-in-waiting reminded the princess about picking
the flowers, but she ignored them.
Meanwhile, the king was waiting in the
palace. He was very restless. He knew the people really needed the flowers to
heal the illness. He could not wait any longer. He then went to the forest to
follow the princess. Oh his arrival at the pond, he saw the princess swimming!
The king was really angry.
“Dewi Arum! What are you doing here? Our
people are dying and you are having fun swimming in the pond. I’ve told you
many times not to neglect your duties. You are allowed to swim, but you have to
do your duties first. I’m really disappointed with you! You don’t deserve to be
the princess and live in the palace. You deserve to live here in the pond!”
said the king.
He was really angry. Surprisingly, the
princess sank into the pond and a beautiful flower suddenly appeared. The king
was speechless. He regretted what he said, but it was too late. Then, the king
brought the flower to the palace and everybody was cured. People were also
amazed by the flower.
Since that day, people named the flower
lotus. It grew in water as Dewi Arum spent hours swimming. Above all, it’s
important for us to obey our parents’ advice and do our duties.
Supporting Feature
Grammar
Adverbs of Time in Simple Past Tense
Pay attention to the following sentences
1.
Once upon a time,
there was a kingdom named Umbul Wening.
2.
When the king woke up,
he immediately called the princess
3.
After going through a very difficult
journey, the princess and the ladies-in-waiting finally
arrived in the forest.
4.
Finally,
they found the pond.
5.
For a moment,
they all forgot about their mission.
6.
Since that day,
people named the flower lotus.
The above sentences use simple past tense and
the words in bold are adverbs of time. Adverbs of time are not only used
to show when an action accured, but also for how long and how often.
The following are adverbs of time usually
used in the simple past tende. It can be in the forms of normal adverbs or
clauses (adverbial clauses of time).
-
Yesterday
-
Last … (last week/month/year)
-
a/an/one … ago (an hour ago, a week ago)
-
the day before yesterday
-
the … before last (the night before last,
the day before last)
-
past dates (in 19th century, in
2014)
-
past events (during my childhood, when I
returned home)
Meanwhile, the following are adverbs of
time usually used in narrative texts.
To
begin a story:
·
once upon a time
·
many years ago
·
a long time ago
·
once in a while
·
many times ago
·
long ago
To
show an action in the middle of a story:
§ then
§ as
a result
§ thereafter
§ next
§ beforehand
§ in
the meantime
§ afterwards
§ later
on
§ up
until then
§ suddenly
§ at
that moment
To
show the end of the story:
·
in the end/at the end
·
at last/last
·
since then
Grammar
Past Perfect Tense
The
sentence “He was quite happy that he had visited many places and
witnessed his people leading a prosperous life.” Uses past perfect tense.
Patterns:
Positive :
S + had + past participle (V3) + O
Negative :
S + had + not + past participle (V3) + O
Interrogative : Had + S + past participle (V3) + O + ?
With
adverbs of time (before, after):
-
past
perfect + before + simple past
-
simple
past + after + past perfect
See
the following examples.
-
I had met Sandra twice before she
left this town
-
I had not phoned Sita after she had
moved to Bandung
-
Had you checked
everything before you left?
Assessment
Task 1
Make
3 sentences in simple past tense and then change the sentences you have written
using present perfect tense!
See
the example
The
children played hide-and-seek
The
children have played hide-and seek for half an hour
ANSWER:
I seen the same movie
I have seen same movie many times
I told you don’t disturb my sister
I have told you don’t disturb my sister
anymore
Julia finished her Science Project
Julia have finished her Science Project just
now
Task 2
Choose
the correct words to complete the following text
Last week my youngest brother, Dicky, (1)
______ his birthday. We held a small party for him. To make me more cheerful,
he decided to dress up like a (2) ______. I put thick cosmetics on my face and
put a red ball on my nose. I also put red lines on my lips which showed a big
smile.
Dicky screamed happily when he saw me
acting comically. So did the guests. They laughed and clapped their hands
during the show. I was (3) ______ that all guests were also entertained.
1.
A. celebrate
B.
celebrates
C. celebrated
D.
is celebrating
E.
has celebrating
2.
A. cloud
B. clown
C.
frown
D.
shrown
E.
crown
3.
A. sad
B.
bad
C.
drab
D.
odd
E. glad
Task 3
Complete
the following table!
|
Category
|
Explanation
|
|
Historical
recount text
|
are the retelling of
factual events that have happened in the past, They focus on significant events
that involve a larger spectrum of people rather than just one person.
|
|
Orientation
|
introduces
the main characters of the story, place and time where the story happened
|
|
Series
of events
|
Tells the audience 'what happened?'
Uses paragraphs to record events in chronological order Must indicate or imply time period May include causes and consequences of events |
|
Re-orientation
|
It
shows the comment of the writer or it presents the moral
value
of the story
|
Task 4
Complete
the following bio-data based on your Idol!
Name : Raisa Andriana
Date
of Birth : 6, Juni 1990
Place
of Birth : Jakarta, Indonesia
Origins : Start to sing:
OST. Aladeen 2003
Education : Dian
Didaktika Islamic Elementary School
Dian
Didaktika Islamic Junior High School
Public
High School 34 Jakarta
Bina
Nusantara University
Marital
Status : Married
Family :
Dad : Allan N. Rachman
Mom : Ria Mariaty
Bro : Rinaldi Nurpratama
Husband : Hamish Daud Wyllie
Career : Singer, Model,
Actrees
Achievement :
|
AMI Awards 2012
|
Winner
|
2012
|
 |
|
Raisa Single
Bye-Bye
|
First Single New
Album
|
2013
|
 |
|
Raisa Single
Pemeran Utama
|
Second Single New
Album
|
2013
|
 |
|
Yahoo OMG Awards
2013
|
Most Wanted
Female
|
2013
|
 |
|
Single LDR
|
Third Single New
Album
|
2014
|
Write
your opinion! Why do you like him/her?
Bcoz’ she’s the best solo singer
in Indonesia, beautiful, multitalent, smart
Task 5
Find
the meaning of following words!
1.
Breezy : Semilir
2.
Fierce
: Sengit
3.
Frosty : Dingin
4.
Moss :
Lumut
5.
Lodge :
Mengajukan
Task 6
Write
the result of your learning about narrative text in the following chart!
|
Part of the Text
|
Purpose
|
|
Orientation
|
introduces
the main characters of the story, place and time where the story happened
|
|
Complication
|
It shows the problems that occur in
the story
|
|
Resolution
|
This is the end of the story where
the problems are solved.
|
|
Re-orientation/Coda
|
It shows the comment of the writer
or it presents the moral
value of the story
|
Remedial test
The
following dialog is for questions 1 – 4
Mrs.
Artika : You look so restless.
What’s wrong?
Amelia : I lost my watch, Mom.
Mrs.
Artika : I’m sorry to hear that.
Have you searched everywhere?
Amelia : Yes, Mom. I have searched on my
desk, dressing table and in my bag, but I couldn’t find it.
Mrs.
Artika : When did you last wear it?
Amelia : Yesterday afternoon, for a
music course.
Mrs.
Artika : Where did you put it after
the course?
Amelia : Hmm… I forgot, Mom.
Mrs.
Artika : O.K. Let me help you find
it.
Amelia : Thank you.
1.
Where does the dialog take place?
A.
At home
B.
At school
C.
In a music course
D.
In a watch store
E.
In a classroom
2.
What is the dialog about?
A.
Wearing a new watch
B.
Helping to find a watch
C.
Repairing a broken watch
D.
Searching for a watch
E.
Finding a watch
3.
Amelia last wore her watch when she _____
A. Studied
B. Dressed
up
C. Her
dress
D. Her
mother’s bag
E. Attended
a course
4.
Amelia says, “…, but I couldn’t find it.”
What does the underlined word refer to?
A.
Her bag
B.
Her watch
C.
Her dress
D.
Her mother’s bag
E.
Her mother’s watch
5.
Teacher :
Mona, tell me about your father.
Mona : My father _____ a banker. He ______
lots of customers.
A. Is
– has
B. Is
– have
C. Was
– had
D. Are
– has
E. Were
– had
The
following text is for questions number 6 – 7
Announcement
Because
of the high demand for electrical power due to the extremely cold weather, the
city is facing a serious power shortage. We are asking residents to help us
avoid this situation. Please reduce your power consumption as much as possible.
Lower household heats to sixty degrees. Turn off all unnecessary appliances.
Postpone energy-consuming task such as doing laundry.
6.
The announcement is about …
A.
A serious power shortage in the city
B.
The high demand for electrical power
C.
The extremely cold weather in the city
D.
the need to turn off all unnecessary
appliances
E.
the demand to postpone energy-consuming
tasks
7.
The announcement is addressed to …
A.
The residents of the city
B.
The companies in the city
C.
The rich people in the city
D.
The officials that work in the city
E.
The employees of the electricity company
The
following dialog is for questions 8 – 10
Arkan : You know what! Yesterday I met Naura. Do you
remember her?
Viona : Um … do you meen Naura, our friend in
elementary school?
Arkan : You’re right.
Viona : She has moved to Denpasar, right? Where did
you meet her?
Arkan : I met her when I was attending the robotic
competition in Denpasar.
Viona : Did she attend the competition too?
Arkan : Yes. She was my rival during the competition.
Unfortunately, I didn’t have a lot of time to talk to her.
Viona : Didn’t you ask for her phone number?
Arkan : Of course I did. I have had her phone number
and we can contact her at anytime. She gave us her best regards.
Viona : O.K let me have her phone number. I miss her
and will contact her soon.
8.
What is the dialog about?
A.
A competition
B.
A participation in contest
C.
A meeting with a new friend
D.
A meeting with an old friend
E.
Rivals of a competition
9.
In what moment did Arkan meet Naura?
A.
A robotic fair
B.
A robotic contest
C.
A computer fair
D.
A computer contest
E.
An interschool competition
10. What
can we conclude from the dialog?
A.
Naura was the audience of a contest
B.
Arkan doesn’t have Naura’s phone number
C.
Arkan and Naura had chitchatted for a long
time
D.
Naura and Arkan were contest participants
E.
Arkan has known Naura since they attended
a contest
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